Proof of Concept for the Inhibition of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease Virus Replication by the Anti‐Viral Drug 2′‐C‐Methylcytidine in Severe Combined Immunodeficient Mice

Recent European contingency plans envisage emergency vaccination as an animal‐friendly control strategy for foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD). Anti‐viral drugs may be used as an alternative or complementary measure. We here demonstrate that the nucleoside analogue 2′‐C‐methylcytidine (2′CMC) protects severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice against lethal FMD virus infection. In brief, SCID mice were inoculated with serotype A FMD virus and treated for five consecutive days with 2′CMC. All 15 treated mice remained healthy until the end of the study at 14 days post‐infection (dpi). At that time, viral RNA was no longer detected in 13 of 15 treated mice. All eight untreated mice suffered from an acute generalized disease and were euthanized for ethical reasons on average at 4 dpi. These results illustrate the potential of small molecules to control FMD.     

Oral Treatment of Organophosphate Poisoning in Mice

OBJECTIVE: Organophosphates are used as pesticides, herbicides, and chemical warfare agents. Treatment of organophosphate poisoning is with intravenous atropine and pralidoxime in addition to supportive care. This study determined the efficacy of oral agents in preventing death from organophosphate poisoning. METHODS: The organophosphate paraoxon (8 mg/kg) was used in a murine model with lethality at four and 24 hours as an end point. For oral treatment, 15 male Balbc mice were given either atropine sulfate (4 mg/kg), or a combination of atropine sulfate (4 mg/kg) with pralidoxime (100 mg/kg), by oral gavage. A control group of 22 mice received water by oral gavage. Chi-square analysis was used to compare results in the different groups. RESULTS: Of the control group, six of 22 survived to four hours after paraoxon exposure. Of the exposed animals treated with oral atropine, eight of 15 survived to four hours. Of the exposed animals treated with a combination of atropine and pralidoxime, 13 of 15 survived to four hours. All animals surviving to four hours survived to 24 hours. The increased survival of animals in the atropine group relative to the control group was not significant (p = 0.09). Survival was significant in the group treated with atropine and pralidoxime relative to atropine alone (p = 0.02) and to the control group (p = 0.0002). All treated mice surviving at four hours were alive at 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Both oral atropine and a combination of oral atropine and pralidoxime improved survival, and combination therapy achieved statistical significance. Generalization of this result to other organophosphate pesticides, other doses of paraoxon, and other species cannot be made without further investigations.     

健行颗粒对3种拟帕金森病震颤模型小鼠的干预作用

目的建立肌肉震颤及线粒体功能障碍致3种拟帕金森病震颤小鼠模型,并在此3种模型上观察健行颗粒的药效学作用,探讨其可能的作用机理.方法经氧化震颤素和槟榔碱单次腹腔注射建立小鼠肌肉震颤模型;经MPTP 20mg/kg连续8天腹腔注射建立线粒体损伤致震颤小鼠模型.记录震颤素和槟榔碱模型小鼠震颤持续时间;观察MPTP模型小鼠爬杆行为及自主活动次数的改变,经高效液相色谱测定MPTP模型小鼠纹状体内多巴胺及其代谢产物含量的改变.结果模型组小鼠在给予震颤素或槟榔碱腹腔注射后出现明显震颤,健行颗粒用药组小鼠震颤持续时间较模型组明显缩短;对于MPTP小鼠模型,模型组小鼠爬杆时间延长,运动协调性降低,纹状体内多巴胺含量明显降低,健行颗粒用药组小鼠爬杆时间较模型组明显缩短,自主活动数增加,纹状体内多巴胺含量增高.结论槟榔碱及氧化震颤素均能制备良好的肌肉震颤小鼠模型,健行颗粒能明显减少模型动物肌肉震颤持续时间;对于MPTP腹腔注射拟帕金森小鼠模型,健行颗粒能明显缩短其爬杆时间,增强小鼠自主活动能力,提升小鼠脑纹状体内多巴胺及其代谢产物的含量.     

冠心病痰瘀互结证小鼠模型的初步实验研究

[目的]探讨冠心病痰瘀互结证小鼠模型的建立和评价方法。[方法]小鼠分为空白组:10只C57BL/6J小鼠,喂养普通饲料6周。痰瘀互结证模型组:10只ApoE基因敲除小鼠,喂养高脂饲料6周,并于小鼠处死前7 d每日皮下注射异丙肾上腺素(10 mg/kg),空白组给予等量的生理盐水。实验中观察小鼠的一般状态,第6周末检测小动物超声和血清中血脂水平,共同评价模型的建立。[结果]与空白组比较,痰瘀互结模型组小鼠舒张末期室间隔厚度(IVSd)、收缩末期室间隔厚度(IVSs)、舒张末期左心室后壁厚度(LVPWd)、收缩末期左室后壁厚度(LVPWs)均明显增厚(P0.01),呈心腔扩大的心肌肥厚特征,左室质量(LVM)明显增大(P0.05或P0.01)。小鼠血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)明显升高(P0.05或P0.01)。[结论]ApoE基因敲除小鼠通过高脂饲料喂养结合异丙肾上腺素诱导可以建立冠心病痰瘀互结证小鼠模型,模型稳定,易操作,重复性好。     

Antifungal Activity of Gallic Acid In Vitro and In Vivo

Gallic acid (GA) is a polyphenol natural compound found in many medicinal plant species, including pomegranate rind (Punica granatum L.), and has been shown to have antiinflammatory and antibacterial properties. Pomegranate rind is used to treat bacterial and fungal pathogens in Uyghur and other systems of traditional medicine, but, surprisingly, the effects of GA on antifungal activity have not yet been reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of GA on fungal strains both in vitro and in vivo. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the NCCLS (M38‐A and M27‐A2) standard method in vitro, and GA was found to have a broad spectrum of antifungal activity, with MICs for all the tested dermatophyte strains between 43.75 and 83.33 μg/mL. Gallic acid was also active against three Candida strains, with MICs between 12.5 and 100.0 μg/mL. The most sensitive Candida species was Candida albicans (MIC = 12.5 μg/mL), and the most sensitive filamentous species was Trichophyton rubrum (MIC = 43.75 μg/mL), which was comparable in potency to the control, fluconazole. The mechanism of action was investigated for inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis using an HPLC‐based assay and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Gallic acid reduced the activity of sterol 14α‐demethylase P450 (CYP51) and squalene epoxidase in the T. rubrum membrane, respectively. In vivo model demonstrated that intraperitoneal injection administration of GA (80 mg/kg d) significantly enhanced the cure rate in a mice infection model of systemic fungal infection. Overall, our results confirm the antifungal effects of GA and suggest a mechanism of action, suggesting that GA has the potential to be developed further as a natural antifungal agent for clinical use. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

糖肾平对糖尿病肾病KKAy小鼠肾脏保护作用及对RhoA/ROCK信号通路影响的研究

目的：探讨糖肾平对糖尿病肾病（DiabeticKidneyDisease,DKD）KKAy小鼠肾保护作用及其对RhoA/ROCK信号通路的影响。方法：雌性10周龄SPF级KKAy小鼠60只,KK鼠料诱导10周建立DKD模型,随机分为模型组、厄贝沙坦组、糖肾平低（0.525g?kg-1）、中（1.05g?kg-1）、高（2.1g?kg-1）剂量组,10只雌性C57BL/6J小鼠为正常组。各治疗组灌胃给药,正常组、模型组灌胃等体积去离子水,每4周称体质量并测24h尿蛋白定量。第26周小鼠麻醉后摘眼球取血,称肾质量、测空腹血糖（FastingBloodGlucose,FBG）、血尿素氮（BloodUreaNitrogen,BUN）、血肌酐（Serumcreatinine,Scr）和甘油三酯（Triglyceride,TG）含量;HE、Mallory和PAS染色观察肾组织病理;免疫组化、原位杂交测肾组织转化生长因子-β1（Transforminggrowthfactor-β1,TGF-β1)、Ras同源基因家族成员A（RashomologgenefamilymemberA,RhoA）、Rho相关卷曲蛋白激酶（Rho-associatedcoiledcoil-containingproteinkinase1,ROCK1）、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SmoothMuscleActin,α-SMA）、E-钙黏素（ECadherin,E-Cad）mRNA及蛋白表达。结果：与模型组相比,各治疗组体质量、肾质量/体质量、尿蛋白降低,糖肾平中、高剂量组有显著性差异（P＜0.01）;肾病理损害明显减轻,FBG、BUN、Scr、TG含量降低（P＜0.01）,ECadherinmRNA及蛋白表达增加,TGF-β1、RhoA、ROCK1和α-SMAmRNA和蛋白表达减少,糖肾平中、高剂量组差异显著（P＜0.01）。结论：糖肾平对DKDKKAy小鼠肾的保护作用及抑制肾小管上皮细胞转分化的作用,可能与调节RhoA/ROCK信号通路有关。     

B6AF1雌性小鼠免疫性卵巢早衰模型建立

目的：本文主要研究自身免疫性卵巢早衰小鼠模型的建立和鉴定方法,为治疗和预防免疫性卵巢早衰提供实验基础。方法：将A/J雄鼠和C57BL/6雌鼠进行杂交繁殖B6AF1小鼠,筛选出B6AF1雌性小鼠,运用透明带多肽片段ZP3免疫B6AF1雌性小鼠,对阴道脱落细胞进行巴士染色,第14天结束造模,第7天和第14天分别进行模型鉴定。将卵巢进行H&E染色和ZP3免疫荧光染色,采用ELISA法检测小鼠血清中E₂和FSH的含量,来观察小鼠动情周期、卵巢组织形态学、抗透明带抗体免疫荧光和相关性激素的变化,评判免疫性卵巢早衰模型小鼠建立情况。结果：利用透明带ZP3多肽免疫B6AF1雌性小鼠14天,小鼠动情周期紊乱,卵巢组织有炎细胞浸润,卵巢中有明显透明带出现,血清中性激素E2含量下降和FSH含量上升,第7天上述变化不明显。结论：利用透明带多肽ZP3免疫B6AF1雌性小鼠14天,能够成功建立自身免疫性卵巢早衰模型,该模型发病率高,方法简单,能为免疫性卵巢早衰的研究提供基础。     

原花青素联合胡椒碱通过五羟色胺受体途径改善慢性应激小鼠抑郁焦虑样行为

目的：探讨原花青素（OPC）联合胡椒碱（PIP）对慢性不可预知应激（CUMS）小鼠的抑郁焦虑样行为的作用,通过分析海马、前额叶皮层和下丘脑中5-HT1A受体的变化探讨相关机制。方法：将ICR小鼠分为正常组、CUMS组、CUMS+PIP（5 mg/kg）+OPC（12.5、25、50 mg/kg）组、CUMS+PIP（5 mg/kg）+OPC（50 mg/kg）+NAN-190（0.1 mg/kg）组、NAN-190组（CUMS+NAN-190 0.1 mg/kg）和氟西汀组（CUMS+氟西汀 10 mg/kg）,共8个组。CUMS建模后,采用强迫游泳、悬尾、新奇食物抑制摄食实验和大理石掩埋实验评估小鼠的抑郁和焦虑样行为,并采用高效液相色谱法测定海马、额叶皮层和下丘脑的单胺类神经递质含量[5-羟色胺（5-HT）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）和多巴胺（DA）]。结果：与正常组相比,CUMS组小鼠强迫游泳和悬尾实验中的不动时间显著增加（P＜0.01）,新奇食物抑制摄食潜伏期增加（P＜0.05）,大理石掩埋实验颗粒数增加（P＜0.01）;给予OPC（25、50 mg/kg）联合PIP（5 mg/kg）可改善由CUMS引起的抑郁焦虑样行为。通过高效液相色谱法发现,OPC（25、50 mg/kg）联合PIP（5 mg/kg）用药可显著逆转由CUMS引起的海马、额叶皮层和下丘脑中的5-HT水平下降（P＜0.05）,然而对NE、DA无影响（P＞0.05）。使用5-HT1A受体拮抗剂NAN-190（0.1 mg/kg）可逆转OPC和PIP的改善作用（P＜0.05）。结论：OPC和PIP联用可改善CUMS小鼠的抑郁焦虑样行为,这可能是通过激活中枢神经系统中的5-HT1A受体实现的。     

3D回旋仪模拟微重力效应对小鼠骨骼和 心脏的影响

目的：利用3D 回旋仪模拟微重力效应探究对小鼠骨骼和心脏的影响。方法：25 只8 周龄雄性C57BL/6J 小鼠,随机分成5 组（n=3~5）：地面对照组（GC 组）,3 周处理对照组（TC3 组）,3 周模拟微重力组（SM3 组）,6 周 处理对照组（TC6 组）,6 周模拟微重力组（SM6 组）。使用Micro-CT 检测小鼠左股骨参数变化。采用超声方法检 测小鼠心脏结构和功能的变化。结果：与GC 组相比,TC3 组、SM3 组、TC6 和SM6 组小鼠的骨体积分数,骨小 梁厚度显著降低（P<0.05）,骨小梁间距显著增加（P<0.05）。骨小梁数量和皮质骨壁厚度没有显著性差异。3D 回 旋仪处理3 周后,与小鼠左心室后壁厚度变薄相比,其他参数没有变化。而在第6 周,舒张期和收缩期的左心室 内径变小,左心室质量变轻。结论：3D 回旋仪模拟微重力效应会导致小鼠骨质流失,影响心脏结构和功能,且具 有时间效应。